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Politics and native relations in the New England colonies

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Politics and native relations in the New England colonies

[Instructor] In the last video, we began discussing some of the similarities and differences between the English colonists who landed at New England versus those who landed in Virginia.

Thanks to different reasons for migrating to the New World and a much colder, rockier environment New England society was based around mostly small farming and led by the Puritan church.

Another consequence of the unique environment and society of New England was that it was unusually democratic for that era.

Now, when the pilgrims first came over on the Mayflower they agreed in what was called the Mayflower Compact to kind of work together and hold each other in mutual esteem.

And some people say that this is one of the first founding documents showing democracy in the New World.

New Englanders, like Virginians were very far from the mother country and they had to fend for themselves.

So, English colonists learned to make decisions by themselves, 'cause asking for help from across the ocean wasn't very easy and took a really long time.

So, because England was so far away and really not paying much attention to the American colonies at all there was a tradition of self-government among English colonists.

But what was different about democracy in New England than democracy in Virginia was that most people in New England were middle class.

They were small farmers.

Most people were about the same social station and that meant that they were used to having about the same amount of political power.

So, in New England, most towns had town meetings where the men of the town would gather to solve local problems.

Now, this was, of course, a very limited democracy where only white men have a say but for the era of the 1600s it was very democratic indeed.

For all the ways that New England and Virginia were very different there was one way in which they were virtually identical and that was their treatment of Native Americans.

Just as early compromise and cooperation with the Powhatan tribe turned into the English attempting to eradicate Native Americans from the eastern seaboard New Englanders originally cooperated with local Algonquian tribes like the Wampanoags or Narragansett Indians.

But as English demands for more land and more food began to disrupt Native ways of life, relationships soured and cultural misunderstandings between the two groups soon led to outright war.

When English settlers made treaties with Native Americans asking for land, Native Americans thought that they were asking for the rights to hunt on that land not the rights to fence in that land and not allow Native Americans on it.

So, because English ideas of property did not align with Native ideas of property soon, when Native Americans went to hunt on their traditional lands they found the English prosecuting them as intruders.

And because Algonquians practiced Three Sisters farming where corn, beans, and squash were grown together English people, who separated all their crops didn't recognize that those fields were actually Native agriculture and allowed their cattle and pigs to roam through them destroying Native crops.

With so much pressure on their source of food Native people began to lash out at English people who thought of themselves as the victims of senseless Indian attacks.

By 1675, many tribes in the area decided to work together to oust the English led by a man named Metacom.

In fact, I think Metacom was only one of the leaders but the English called him King Phillip and believed that he was the instigator of this war.

So, in 1675, Metacom and other groups began to attack English villages.

But in 1676, the English recruited Indian allies of their own and turned the tide so that by the end of 1676, about 3,000 Native Americans had died to about 1,000 English.

And those that were remaining the English either executed or sold into slavery.

So, in this way, they were not very different from the English people of Virginia at all.

Metacom's war, like the Anglo-Powhatan Wars in Virginia really marked the end of Native American resistance to English colonization on the east coast.

Survivors fled further inland or north and joined other tribes that continued to resist the English for many decades to come.

I wanna finish by just briefly summarizing some of the similarities and differences between English settlement in New England and English settlement in the Chesapeake Bay that we've been talking about throughout these videos.

Here, I've just made a quick chart comparing some of the aspects that we've talked about and, as I see it, there are three real differences between New England and the Chesapeake and two real similarities.

Now, one thing that was really different between them was just their environment.

New England was far north of the Chesapeake so it was much colder and rockier which didn't permit the settlers of New England to conduct plantation agriculture at a large scale like we did in the Chesapeake.

So, instead, they had small family farms, they fished.

Compared to the Chesapeake Bay where although it was very hot and marshy not a healthy environment at all it was, with its very long growing seasons a great place for plantation agriculture particularly growing tobacco.

Another major difference between the two regions was who came to each of these places and why.

In New England, settlers came for religious freedom for the most part.

Puritans attempting to escape persecution in England hoped that they could set up their Puritan city on a hill in Massachusetts Bay.

So, consequently, they were middle class families who came as a family unit.

They had a lot more women in New England than they did in the Chesapeake which meant that their natural rate of growth was going to be higher because they could have more families and more families could have more children.

In the Chesapeake, by contrast most settlers were single men who were coming to seek their fortune either white men, often as indentured servants or enslaved Africans who were forced to migrate to the Chesapeake Bay to labor in tobacco plantations.

So, there were fewer women and the kind of rate of population growth really only depended on more and more people immigrating as the unhealthy environment led to quite a bit of death from tropical disease.

The last major difference I see is in the labor systems of each of these regions and the kinds of class systems that they generated.

In the Chesapeake Bay, as a group of early planters became more and more prosperous and brought in more and more enslaved laborers.

There was a great disparity of wealth as the poorest were at the bottom of the social hierarchy including enslaved people, indentured servants a few small farmers who were independent and had made it.

And then, at the very top, the tobacco planters who held most of the wealth, but made up, really quite a small percentage of the population.

In comparison, people in New England had a general equality of wealth meaning that most people were small farmers getting by comfortably.

There weren't many people who were at a distant top of the social hierarchy and not that many people who were stuck at the very bottom.

Most people in New England were middle class but there were some similarities between New England and the Chesapeake.

In both of these regions local government was unusually democratic for the era.

In New England, the citizens of a town would meet in town meetings to discuss local issues and pretty much all white men had a say in those meetings.

In the Chesapeake, there were also local assemblies like the House of Burgesses in Virginia.

And although most of these democratic institutions were dominated by elites these elected assemblies were still considerably more democratic than the monarchy of England.

And the last way that New England and the Chesapeake were quite similar to each other were in their attitudes toward Native Americans.

In both New England and the Chesapeake the English carried on wars of extinction against local Native American tribes whether it was the Wampanoags in Metacom's war or the Powhatans in the Anglo-Powhatan Wars.

English colonists simply could not imagine a world in which they coexisted peacefully with Native Americans or in any way incorporated them into their societies.

Now, I started this video series with a question about who was the real spiritual ancestor of the United States.

Was it the New England colonies with their pilgrims and search for religious freedom or was it the Chesapeake colonies with their search to find fortune?

Well, perhaps the evidence that we've taken a look at here has persuaded you one way or another.

But myself, I think, that comparing the two of them we can see that, in many ways English colonization was directly impacted by the environment and by the individuals who came to each of these settlements.

But there are some larger trends about English settlement.

In both the cases of the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies English people who came to the New World had unusually democratic forms of government.

They were independent, used to taking care of themselves but they were also united with their approach to Native Americans.

Unlike the Spanish, who incorporated Native Americans into society, even if at the lowest rungs.

And the French or the Dutch who cooperated very much with Native Americans English people saw Native Americans as an obstacle and one that needed to be removed.

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Politics and native relations in the New England colonies발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

[Instructor] In the last video, we began discussing some of the similarities and differences between the English colonists who landed at New England versus those who landed in Virginia.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Thanks to different reasons for migrating to the New World and a much colder, rockier environment New England society was based around mostly small farming and led by the Puritan church.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Another consequence of the unique environment and society of New England was that it was unusually democratic for that era.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, when the pilgrims first came over on the Mayflower they agreed in what was called the Mayflower Compact to kind of work together and hold each other in mutual esteem.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And some people say that this is one of the first founding documents showing democracy in the New World.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

New Englanders, like Virginians were very far from the mother country and they had to fend for themselves.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, English colonists learned to make decisions by themselves, 'cause asking for help from across the ocean wasn't very easy and took a really long time.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, because England was so far away and really not paying much attention to the American colonies at all there was a tradition of self-government among English colonists.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But what was different about democracy in New England than democracy in Virginia was that most people in New England were middle class.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

They were small farmers.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Most people were about the same social station and that meant that they were used to having about the same amount of political power.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, in New England, most towns had town meetings where the men of the town would gather to solve local problems.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, this was, of course, a very limited democracy where only white men have a say but for the era of the 1600s it was very democratic indeed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

For all the ways that New England and Virginia were very different there was one way in which they were virtually identical and that was their treatment of Native Americans.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But as English demands for more land and more food began to disrupt Native ways of life, relationships soured and cultural misunderstandings between the two groups soon led to outright war.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

With so much pressure on their source of food Native people began to lash out at English people who thought of themselves as the victims of senseless Indian attacks.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

By 1675, many tribes in the area decided to work together to oust the English led by a man named Metacom.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In fact, I think Metacom was only one of the leaders but the English called him King Phillip and believed that he was the instigator of this war.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, in 1675, Metacom and other groups began to attack English villages.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But in 1676, the English recruited Indian allies of their own and turned the tide so that by the end of 1676, about 3,000 Native Americans had died to about 1,000 English.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And those that were remaining the English either executed or sold into slavery.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, in this way, they were not very different from the English people of Virginia at all.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Metacom's war, like the Anglo-Powhatan Wars in Virginia really marked the end of Native American resistance to English colonization on the east coast.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Survivors fled further inland or north and joined other tribes that continued to resist the English for many decades to come.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, one thing that was really different between them was just their environment.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, instead, they had small family farms, they fished.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Another major difference between the two regions was who came to each of these places and why.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In New England, settlers came for religious freedom for the most part.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Puritans attempting to escape persecution in England hoped that they could set up their Puritan city on a hill in Massachusetts Bay.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, consequently, they were middle class families who came as a family unit.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

The last major difference I see is in the labor systems of each of these regions and the kinds of class systems that they generated.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In the Chesapeake Bay, as a group of early planters became more and more prosperous and brought in more and more enslaved laborers.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

There was a great disparity of wealth as the poorest were at the bottom of the social hierarchy including enslaved people, indentured servants a few small farmers who were independent and had made it.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And then, at the very top, the tobacco planters who held most of the wealth, but made up, really quite a small percentage of the population.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In comparison, people in New England had a general equality of wealth meaning that most people were small farmers getting by comfortably.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

There weren't many people who were at a distant top of the social hierarchy and not that many people who were stuck at the very bottom.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Most people in New England were middle class but there were some similarities between New England and the Chesapeake.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In both of these regions local government was unusually democratic for the era.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In New England, the citizens of a town would meet in town meetings to discuss local issues and pretty much all white men had a say in those meetings.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In the Chesapeake, there were also local assemblies like the House of Burgesses in Virginia.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And although most of these democratic institutions were dominated by elites these elected assemblies were still considerably more democratic than the monarchy of England.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And the last way that New England and the Chesapeake were quite similar to each other were in their attitudes toward Native Americans.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

English colonists simply could not imagine a world in which they coexisted peacefully with Native Americans or in any way incorporated them into their societies.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, I started this video series with a question about who was the real spiritual ancestor of the United States.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Was it the New England colonies with their pilgrims and search for religious freedom or was it the Chesapeake colonies with their search to find fortune?발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Well, perhaps the evidence that we've taken a look at here has persuaded you one way or another.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But there are some larger trends about English settlement.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In both the cases of the New England colonies and the Chesapeake colonies English people who came to the New World had unusually democratic forms of government.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

They were independent, used to taking care of themselves but they were also united with their approach to Native Americans.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Unlike the Spanish, who incorporated Native Americans into society, even if at the lowest rungs.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And the French or the Dutch who cooperated very much with Native Americans English people saw Native Americans as an obstacle and one that needed to be removed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

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