Bhakti movement발음듣기
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Bhakti movement
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Instructor] In other videos we have talked about the various empires of India as we exit the Vedic period.발음듣기
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We talk about the Maurya Empire famous for the ruler Ashoka who converts and then spreads Buddhism.발음듣기
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As we get into the Common Era we've talked about the Gupta Empire that once again unifies much of India and is considered a golden age in India's history.발음듣기
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But after the fall of the Gupta Empire India fragments and you could roughly consider this to be the Indian medieval period.발음듣기
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Now as we get into the second millennium of the Common Era you start to have significant Muslim influence.발음듣기
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At first in the northwest but as we get into the late 12th and early 13th century you have the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.발음듣기
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And once again North India is now unified under Muslim rule which will continue for some time under both the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire until the British show up.발음듣기
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But as much transformation as there is depicted in this map in terms of various empires and rulers you also see a transformation in the nature of Hinduism.발음듣기
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In other videos we have talked about the Vedas composed over 3,000 years ago in the subset that is focused on the metaphysical on the spiritual known as the Upanishads.발음듣기
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And this is an excerpt from the Isha Upanishad which is considered one of the most important that emphasizes this notion of our inner Self capitalized with an S, atma or atman and how it is of the same substance as this formless, nameless ultimate reality sometimes referred to as Brahman.발음듣기
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The Wise man, who realizes all beings as not distinct from his own Self, atman and his own Self as the Self of all beings does not, by virtue of that perception, hate anyone.발음듣기
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What delusion, what sorrow can there be for that wise man who realizes the unity of all existence by perceiving all beings as his own Self?발음듣기
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Your true self is of the same substance as my true self which is of the same substance and is the same thing as the ultimate reality.발음듣기
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You have Indra who is the god of lightning and the god of storms also referred to in the Vedas as the king of gods.발음듣기
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As we've talked about in other videos on Hindu deities most Hindus today view themselves as devotees of Shiva or devotees of Vishnu.발음듣기
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Modern Hindu practice is really focused on devotion to Shiva and/or Vishnu or aspects of them or incarnations of them.발음듣기
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Some people would call it a reform of Hinduism that up until that point focused on the somewhat arcane rituals of the Vedas.발음듣기
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And the Bhakti movement provided an alternate path a path of devotion Through devotion through a deity one can achieve that moksha.발음듣기
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Some historians think that it might have even been in reaction to Muslim influence where there was this devotion or this surrender to a notion of god.발음듣기
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Some historians think that it co-developed with Sufi Islam which is all about devotional love for God.발음듣기
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But needless to say as we go through the Indian middle ages the Bhakti movement gains more and more momentum.발음듣기
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And just to get an appreciation for some Bhakti text here is an excerpt from the Bhagavad Gita which is considered by many modern Hindus to be one of their most central scriptures.발음듣기
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It was likely written over 2,000 years ago and really came into its final form during the Gupta Empire.발음듣기
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And even though the Gita does focus a lot on notions of realizing the self and the ultimate reality and the importance of meditation.발음듣기
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This is Krishna, the eighth incarnation of Vishnu talking to the archer Arjun as he goes into battle.발음듣기
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It's a bit of a repudiation of what at the time in medieval India was becoming a more and more rigid caste structure.발음듣기
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Whatever I am offered in devotion with a pure heart even if it's a leaf, a flower, a fruit or water I accept with joy.발음듣기
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