The Holocaust발음듣기
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The Holocaust
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[Instructor] In this video we're going to talk about what is one of the darkest chapters in human history, the Holocaust which involved the massacre of roughly 6 million Jews and as many as 11 million civilians in total.발음듣기
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Even prior to World War I, there were massacres especially of Jews, in places like the Russian empire.발음듣기
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The term pogrom is a Russian word meaning these violent riots or attacks on people for their ethnicity.발음듣기
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You had a solid thread of antisemitism throughout much of Europe including Germany and Eastern Europe as we get up to and through World War I.발음듣기
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As we've talked about in other videos the central powers lose World War I and the Treaty of Versailles places a lot of the blame on Germany.발음듣기
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It is in that context that the National Socialist Party forms officially in 1920, coming out of the German Workers Party.발음듣기
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They focused on ideas of national identity and from the start were against ethnic groups blaming their problems, including the loss of World War I often on these ethnic groups.발음듣기
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In 1921, Hitler, who had fought during World War I and based on some of his writings seemed to have found a lot of meaning during the war he becomes the National Socialist Party leader.발음듣기
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It is while in prison that he writes down his belief system that eventually gets published upon his release in 1925 under the title Mein Kampf which can be translated as my struggle or my battle.발음듣기
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If we pass all the causes of the German collapse in review, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace.발음듣기
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It was brought about by that power which prepared these defeats by systematically, over many decades, robbing our people of the political and moral instincts and forces which alone make nations capable and hence worthy of existence.발음듣기
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The lost purity of the blood alone destroys inner happiness forever, so he's very caught up with these ideas of purity, Plunges man into the abyss for all time.발음듣기
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Over time, what starts off as this fringe leader of a fringe party, as we go into the 20s and as the German economy gets even worse.발음듣기
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And there's hyperinflation more and more people start to throw their support behind these extremists.발음듣기
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And as we go into the 30s, the National Socialist Party is actually able to get reasonable representation in the German parliament.발음듣기
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In 1933, the president of Germany appoints Hitler to be chancellor which is the equivalent of being prime minister despite the Nazis not having a majority in parliament.발음듣기
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They refer to the Second Reich as the German Empire after the holy Roman Empire up and through World War I.발음듣기
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And they consider themselves the Third Reich the heir to the German Empire and the holy Roman Empire.발음듣기
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They start persecuting their political opponents both, outside the party, and inside the party.발음듣기
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In 1935, they're able to pass the Nuremberg Laws which strips German Jews of their citizenship.발음듣기
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This is only one of many steps that will continue to demean the rights of Jews inside of Germany.발음듣기
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Then as we get into 1939, Hitlers' armies famously invade Poland beginning what many historians consider to be the start of World War II.발음듣기
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Jews are sometimes executed in the streets in their homes, many of them are captured and sent to concentration camps.발음듣기
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To get a sense of the scale of this operation we have this excerpt from Michael Berenbaum's book The World Must Know."발음듣기
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The policy of extermination involved every level of German society and marshaled the entire apparatus of the German bureaucracy.발음듣기
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Parish churches and the Interior Ministry supplied the birth records that defined and isolated Jews.발음듣기
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The post office delivered the notifications of definition, expropriation, denaturalization, and deportation.발음듣기
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German industrial and commercial firms fired Jewish workers, officers, and board members, even disenfranchising Jewish stockholders.발음듣기
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The universities refused to admit Jewish students, denied degrees to those already enrolled, and dismissed Jewish faculty.발음듣기
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Government transportation bureaus handled the billing arrangements with the railroads for the trains that carried Jews to their death.발음듣기
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The point that's being made here is this could not be done just with Hitler and some of his close associates.발음듣기
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At least several hundreds of thousands of people within Germany must have been aware of what was happening.발음듣기
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This here is a visual depiction of the percentage of the Jewish population that was killed in various regions.발음듣기
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As you can see, 80 to 90 percent of the Jewish population in Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland was killed during the Holocaust.발음듣기
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In the territories occupied by Germany in Russia during World War II, almost as many had been killed.발음듣기
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To put things more in human terms this is a picture of children who were in Auschwitz one of the most infamous concentration camps.발음듣기
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Historians believe five to six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust including a million and a half children.발음듣기
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Several hundred thousand people with disabilities many thousands of homosexuals were all put to death during the Holocaust.발음듣기
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A lot of it, unfortunately, has a lot of death a lot of destruction and sometimes targeting people for their ethnicity.발음듣기
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It was coined by Raphael Lemkin who as a Holocaust survivor, had 49 members of his family killed during the Holocaust.발음듣기
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But maybe even more interesting than the word definition itself is thinking about why this actually happened.발음듣기
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