Independence movements in the 20th Century발음듣기
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Independence movements in the 20th Century
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As we've seen in other videos, this is a map of the European possessions, especially the Western European possessions in much of the world as we enter into the 20th century before World War I.발음듣기
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And we talk about that in other videos but some of the major outcomes, at least when we're talking about imperialism is that the Austro-Hungarian Empire gets broken up.발음듣기
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Changing the map of Eastern Europe, the Ottoman Empire gets broken up with much of the Middle East now under control by the British or French.발음듣기
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And of course Russian exits World War I having had the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 and is now the Soviet Union.발음듣기
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As we get into the period after World War I, we start to see momentum gather in terms of independence movements in terms of this imperial structure breaking down.발음듣기
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Iraq, which was part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries was put under British control after World War I and in 1932, it gets its independence.발음듣기
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Then we enter into World War II, which is an incredibly traumatic time, not just for Europe but for the world.발음듣기
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And as we exit out of World War II we see further momentum being gained for the various anti-colonial independence movements.발음듣기
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Indonesia, which was originally a Dutch colony but during World War II, gets under the control of Japan as part of its imperial possessions.발음듣기
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But as we get into August of 1945, the Japanese are bombed at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II.발음듣기
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Then from 1944 to 1946, further possessions that were originally part of the Ottoman Empire.발음듣기
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But after World War I became under the control of the French and British, Syria and Jordan gain their independence.발음듣기
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This is a particularly noteworthy struggle under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi often known as Mahatma Gandhi, mahatma meaning great soul.발음듣기
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For the most part, areas that were majority Muslim became Pakistan and you can see this region in the west.발음듣기
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And this region in the east which would later get its independence in 1971 and become Bangladesh.발음듣기
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This wasn't a clean partition because there were some territories, princely states, areas where the majority was not clear that became under contention.발음듣기
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Much of the Indian subcontinent was very mixed with some areas being 60% Hindu or 40% Muslim or vice versa.발음듣기
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So that catalyzed one of the largest migrations in human history, the number of people changing borders sometimes becoming quite sectarian and quite bloody.발음듣기
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And both of them were active in the independence movement, is Jawaharlal Nehru who will become famous for the non-aligned movement for newly liberated countries to not want to side on either side of the Cold War.발음듣기
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And he actually coins the term third world which is now associated with developing countries.발음듣기
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But when it was coined it meant, we don't wanna be first world aligned with the western capitalist countries.발음듣기
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We don't wanna be second world aligned with the communist block we wanna be independent or the third world.발음듣기
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As we get into the late '40s and early '50s, we also see an independence movement in French Indochina.발음듣기
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And a significant figure here is Ho Chi Minh who will become a very prominent figure as the French Indochina War eventually evolves into the Vietnam War, bringing the United States into it as part of its Cold War containment strategy.발음듣기
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The first president and prime minister is Kwame Nkrumah and he's known as one of the founders of the Organization of African Unity.발음듣기
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They unified seeing that Africa would have much more power as a unified entity than as a fragmented one.발음듣기
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1960 in particular was a year of many independence movements but you can see here, most of Africa was independent as we exit the 1960s.발음듣기
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There would continue to be change over the next few decades but the world starts to look very similar to the world as we recognize it today.발음듣기
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Now I'll leave you with a speech that Jawaharlal Nehru made in Washington DC in 1956, which highlights his desire for nonalignment.발음듣기
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It is in the pursuit of this policy that we have chosen the path of nonalignment in any military or like pact of alliance.발음듣기
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Nonalignment does not mean passivity of mind or action, lack of faith or conviction, it does not mean submission to what we consider evil.발음듣기
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We believe that each country has not only the right to freedom but also to decide its own policy and way of life."발음듣기
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And this is a big deal because remember he's giving this speech in Washington DC which would love him to clearly align with the western block with the capitalist countries led by the United States.발음듣기
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But after working so hard for their independence many of these nations, like India, were not eager to lose their autonomy and realign with more powerful countries.발음듣기
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To close out this video, I'll leave you with an interesting question or a series of interesting questions.발음듣기
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Why do we see a good chunk of the world become independent in the second half of the 20th century?발음듣기
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Was it that the imperial countries no longer had the energy or the power or the will to control these colonies?발음듣기
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Was it something happened in the psychology of their peoples, they just went through a traumatic war.발음듣기
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Was it due to the efficacy of some of these independence struggles, like the nonviolence movement led by Gandhi?발음듣기
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Or maybe some of the more violent independence struggles like what we saw in Algeria against the French.발음듣기
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When we were entering into the 20th century we had an imperial world, especially controlled by the Western European powers.발음듣기
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