The Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi

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The Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi발음듣기

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(smooth piano music) [Steve] We're in the Louvre, in Paris looking at one of their most famous objects.발음듣기

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This is the Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi.발음듣기

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[Beth] It's interesting to me that this is one of the most popular objects to look at here.발음듣기

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And I think it's because of our modern interest and reliance on law as the founding principles of a civilization.발음듣기

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And this is such an ancient object this is nearly 4,000 years old.발음듣기

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[Steve] A stele is a tall carved object.발음듣기

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This one is carved in relief at the top and then below that, and on all sides we have inscribed cuneiform.발음듣기

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It's written in the language of Akkadian.발음듣기

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[Beth] Which was used for official government decrees.발음듣기

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[Steve] But that's the language.발음듣기

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The script is cuneiform.발음듣기

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It's divided into three parts.발음듣기

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There's a prologue, which talks about the scene that's being represented at the top the Investiture of Hammurabi.발음듣기

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What we see is the king on the left he's smaller, and he's facing the god, Shamash.발음듣기

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This is the sun god, the god of justice.발음듣기

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[Beth] And we can tell he's a god because of the special horned crown that he wears and the flames or light that emanate from his shoulders.발음듣기

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[Steve] We can think of this as a kind of divine light, the way that in so much Christian imagery, we see a halo.발음듣기

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[Beth] And we have that composite view that we often see in Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Near-Eastern art where the shoulders are frontal but the face is represented in profile.발음듣기

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[Steve] Shamash sits on a throne and if you look closely you can see under his feet the representation of mountains that he rises from each day.발음듣기

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He's giving to the king a scepter and a ring these are signs of power. - Hammurabi is demonstrating here that these are divine laws.발음듣기

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[Steve] That his authority comes from Shamash.발음듣기

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[Beth] So we have more than 300 laws here.발음듣기

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[Steve] And they're very particular.발음듣기

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Scholars believe that they weren't so much written by the king as listed from judgments that have already been meted out.발음듣기

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[Beth] They're legal precedents, and they take the form of announcing an action and its consequences.발음듣기

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So if you do X, Y is the consequence.발음듣기

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[Steve] So, for example, if a man builds a house and the house falls on the owner the builder is put to death.발음듣기

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So there's a kind of equivalence, and this might remind us of the Biblical law of, "An eye for an eye or a tooth for a tooth."발음듣기

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Which is also found on the stele, and it's important and interesting to note that the stele predates that Biblical text.발음듣기

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The last part of the text, what is often referred to as the epilogue, speaks to the posterity of the king, of the importance of his rule.발음듣기

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And the idea that he will be remembered for all time.발음듣기

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[Beth] This is certainly not a unique stele in terms of recording laws, but it does survive largely intact.발음듣기

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When it was discovered, it was broken only into three parts, which you can still see today.발음듣기

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[Steve] These laws, almost 4,000 years old tell us a tremendous amount about Babylonian culture, about what was important to them.발음듣기

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So many of these laws deal with agricultural issues of irrigation, and are clearly expressing points of tension in society.발음듣기

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[Beth] A lot of them have to do with family life too, and the king is, after all responsible for the peace and prosperity and feeding of his people.발음듣기

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And the stele is such a wonderful reminder that Mesopotamia was such an advanced culture.발음듣기

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Here, almost 4,000 years ago, we have cities that are dependent on good crop yields that require laws to maintain civil society.발음듣기

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And a reminder of the debt that the world owes to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and the area that is seeing so much conflict now. (smooth piano music)발음듣기

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