The Pigment Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 8 of 12

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The Pigment Processes - Photographic Processes Series - Chapter 8 of 12발음듣기

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One of the major themes in photography is this desire to have a more permanent image.발음듣기

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You have the Woodbury type.발음듣기

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You have the platinum print.발음듣기

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Very stable, very long lasting processes.발음듣기

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Then you also have the pigment family of processes.발음듣기

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The gum dichromate process and the carbon print process.발음듣기

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The gum print is based on the light sensitivity of chromium.발음듣기

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Mungo Pontoon is the first person to really do experiments with the light sensitivity of this compound.발음듣기

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Talbot himself experiments with chromium salts.발음듣기

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He discovers that if you mix them with colloids gelatin or gum they harden when they are exposed to sunlight.발음듣기

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Based on the work of Talbot it doesn’t take too much time for people to figure out that if we take a colloid like gum Arabic.발음듣기

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And we put pigment into those, and then sensitize those with chromium salts we now have a medium that can brushed onto paper expose it to light under a negative.발음듣기

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And when we put this paper in warm water areas that are struck by light will harden, and that’s where the dark pigment will be.발음듣기

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Areas that are not struck by light will dissolve away, leaving the white of the paper.발음듣기

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So now we have a brand new printing process, based on chromium.발음듣기

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If you look at a gum print, the darker the picture, the thicker the deposit of gum.발음듣기

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The whiter the picture, the more you are getting towards the actual paper.발음듣기

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So the image itself will have slight relief.발음듣기

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One of the names associated with gum printing and carbon printing is Alphonse Poi Tevin.발음듣기

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He is a Frenchman who perfects certain elements of chromium printing.발음듣기

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While it is still imperfect, it is the seed to an improvement that is later done by Joseph Swan that results in the process we now call carbon printing.발음듣기

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It is essentially a piece of paper that is coated with gelatin that is bearing pigment.발음듣기

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This thing is called the “tissue” but it is not tissue like at all, it’s like a piece of plastic.발음듣기

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The tissue is sensitized with chromium.발음듣기

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It is then contacted printed with a negative.발음듣기

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The light striking the gelatin hardens it selectively.발음듣기

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The tissue is then put into cold water, and a second piece of paper bearing clear gelatin on the surface is put into contact with the tissue.발음듣기

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They are slid into a tray with hot water.발음듣기

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The unhardened gelatin with pigment oozes out the edges.발음듣기

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It is softening because of the hot water.발음듣기

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You peal off the original tissue, and by washing it in hot water you take away all the black you don’t need in order to get a continuous tone photograph.발음듣기

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The image you get is very permanent.발음듣기

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It is still being done today, there are still people making carbon prints today.발음듣기

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Pictorialists really established photography as a fine art form.발음듣기

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They used things like the gum dichromate process or platinum prints that involved a lot of hand work and craftsmanship.발음듣기

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You really had a sense of the photographic object as something that was made by somebody.발음듣기

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Alfred Stieglitz is the person most associated with what was called the photo-secession.발음듣기

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He and Edward Steichen co-founded the movement.발음듣기

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They promoted this idea through a publication called Camera Work.발음듣기

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Stieglitz had a gallery called 291 in New York that showed photography as an art form.발음듣기

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This was a camera that was used by Alfred Stieglitz.발음듣기

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It was given to the museum by Georgia O’Keeffe in the 1950’s.발음듣기

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The opening of that lens determines the sharpness of the picture.발음듣기

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If you open it up quite a ways, you get an image that is soft around the edges.발음듣기

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He was interested in Pictorialists photography, and this was the lens designed to do that.발음듣기

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Stieglitz, Steichen, and Kasebier wanted people to take photography seriously as a fine art form.발음듣기

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Not just an automatic activity that produced images without anybody’s intervention.발음듣기

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I think what the argument was really about was where is the creative input of the artist in photography.발음듣기

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That is a theme that goes back to the invention of the medium.발음듣기

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