The Alchemy of Color and Chemical Change in Medieval Manuscripts

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The Alchemy of Color and Chemical Change in Medieval Manuscripts발음듣기

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Medieval manuscript artists typically made paint from colored materials ground into powder and mixed with a liquid binder.발음듣기

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Many of the most brilliant pigments didn't come straight from nature but were made through alchemy, an experimental practice that predates modern chemistry.발음듣기

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Beyond trying to change base metals into gold the alchemists explored how materials interacted and transformed.발음듣기

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Discovering paint colors was a practical outcome.발음듣기

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Alchemy embraced astrology, medicine, philosophy and mysticism.발음듣기

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And within those contexts, colors had specific meanings.발음듣기

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A brilliant red, vermilion, was associated with chemical change and with alchemy itself.발음듣기

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Producing vermilion involved combining two elements, sulfur and mercury, mixed and heated until a chemical reaction occurred.발음듣기

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When ground into powder, vermilion turns deep red.발음듣기

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Many other vibrant pigments result from chemical transformations-- mosaic gold, produced by fusing tin and sulfur in the presence of mercury;발음듣기

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verdigris, made by exposing copper to fumes of vinegar, wine, or even urine;발음듣기

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And lead white, made in a process similar to verdigris but with lead.발음듣기

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Chemical transformation doesn't just happen when a color is born.발음듣기

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It can occur throughout the life of a pigment even centuries later, and museum researchers study it.발음듣기

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The vivid colors of illuminations are often preserved because books are typically kept closed.발음듣기

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But sometimes, books are left open and their pigments can fade from exposure to light.발음듣기

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Some colors darken from exposure to atmospheric conditions others corrode.발음듣기

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Verdigris can actually destroy the parchment or paper it's painted on.발음듣기

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Today, chemistry deepens our knowledge about paint colors, their identification and potential transformations.발음듣기

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Museums take preventative measures by controlling an artwork's environment and exposure to light.발음듣기

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Sometimes, an original color can be restored as long as this is done carefully.발음듣기

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By analyzing the chemical nature of materials scientists can visualize how a pigment may have looked when it was first created.발음듣기

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Chemistry also reveals the astonishing knowledge that medieval alchemists and painters brought to working with color.발음듣기

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