Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes

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Gentileschi, Judith and Holofernes발음듣기

(jazzy piano) Zucker: We're in the Uffizi in Florence looking at a large Baroque painting by the artist Artemisia Gentileschi.발음듣기

Harris: This is the painting that's most often reproduced by Artemisia, the subject is Judith and Holofernes.발음듣기

This is a biblical subject- Zucker: Old testament.발음듣기

Harris: It's the story of a heroic woman and of course, that is always a handy thing when you're an art historian and you're talking about a woman artist.발음듣기

In fact, it's difficult often with women artists not to read their biography into the paintings.발음듣기

Let's just take a close look at the painting to start with.발음듣기

Zucker: It is Baroque in almost every way.발음듣기

We have this deep tenebrism, this painting in a dark manner.발음듣기

This very shadowed background that creates this very shallow space and then the brilliantly highlighted figures in the foreground.발음듣기

Harris: We are in the tent of the Assyrian general Holofernes.발음듣기

So the story is that Judith is a Jewish widow from the town of Bethulia, which is under siege by the Assyrian army.발음듣기

Holofernes is the general of that army.발음듣기

Zucker: And the Jewish town is about to give up.발음듣기

Harris: Judith hatches a plan to save Bethulia.발음듣기

Zucker: She dresses herself up to catch the eye of the Assyrian general and is able to move across enemy lines because she's seen as betraying her own town.발음듣기

This story is usually interpreted that she seduces the general, but he gets drunk and falls asleep.발음듣기

Then she takes his sword and beheads him.발음듣기

That's the moment that we're seeing here.발음듣기

Harris: She's accompanied by her maidservant.발음듣기

Artemisia also painted the next moment of the story, which is after the beheading, they take the head, put it in a bag and bring it back to Bethulia to show everyone in the town that they're now safe.발음듣기

Zucker: The maid is pressing down on Holofernes with all of her might and he seems to be fighting back as best he can in his drunken, half-asleep state.발음듣기

But Judith is at that moment severing his head and blood spurts everywhere, this is tremendously violent.발음듣기

Harris: She grasps the beard and the hair on his head and holds his head down and with her right arm, draws that sword through his neck.발음듣기

You can feel the force that it took.발음듣기

This is very different from Caravaggio's version of the subject where Judith looks very dainty and as though she doesn't really have the strength to behead Holofernes.발음듣기

Zucker: Look at the contrast of scale.발음듣기

Look at the size of Holofernes' fist against the maidservant's face and just how powerful he is versus the scale of the woman.발음듣기

Harris: Well it takes two of them to conquer one of him.발음듣기

Zucker: Notice the way that both of the women's arms are fully extended, whereas Holofernes' arm breaks at the elbow.발음듣기

His leg breaks at the knee so we have the sense of dismemberment that is not only at the head, but also at his other limbs.발음듣기

The women's' arms diagonals pushing towards the center.발음듣기

The general's legs functioning very much to pair with the parallel forearms of Judith.발음듣기

But all of those limbs bringing our attention down to the severing, down to the violent act itself.발음듣기

Harris: His body is radically foreshortened.발음듣기

Something that is common in Baroque art.발음듣기

With his head [verif clostas] and this blood spurting up and down those white sheets.발음듣기

The bloodiest, goriest part of this painting is what's closest to us.발음듣기

Zucker: And as you said, Judith holds his head down.발음듣기

But what that does is dislocates it so that it seems no longer connected to his body.발음듣기

Harris: We have this dramatic contrast of light and dark that we also see very oft in Baroque art.발음듣기

Where we have areas of very bright illumination right up against very dark areas of shadow.발음듣기

Zucker: What that creates is a kind of vivid physicality.발음듣기

Harris: And it looks to me like she's rolled up her sleeves in order to do this.발음듣기

The naturalism is so palpable here and of course, that is the heart of Baroque art. (jazzy piano)발음듣기

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