The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or... which was it?발음듣기
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The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or... which was it?
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John: Hi, I'm John Green. This is Crash Course World History, and today we're going to learn about the Roman Empire, which of course, began when two totally non-fictional twins, Romulus and Remus, who'd been raised by wolves founded a city on seven hills.발음듣기
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So, today we're gonna do some old school great-man history, and focus on Julius Caesar, while trying to answer a question:When, if ever, is it okay to stab someone 23 times?발음듣기
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(upbeat music with whistling) Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman Republic; but, even if that's true, we still have to answer whether A) The Roman Republic was worth preserving, and B) Whether Caesar actually destroyed it.발음듣기
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One of the things that made the Roman Republic endure, both in reality and in the imagination, was its balance.발음듣기
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According to the Greek historian Polybius, the three kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, were all found united in Rome, and it was no easy thing to determine with assurance whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy.발음듣기
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At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families.발음듣기
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Rome was divided into two broad classes, the Patricians, a small group of aristocratic families, and the Plebeians, basically everyone else.발음듣기
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The Senate was sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory council; their main job was to set policy for the consuls.발음듣기
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Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks two co-consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome.발음듣기
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There needed to be two so that they could check each other's ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically, while the other was off fighting wars, conquering new territory.발음듣기
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There were two additional checks on power, first the one year term, I mean, how much trouble can you really do in a year, right?발음듣기
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I mean, he destroyed that company in like two weeks, and secondly, once a senator had served as consul, we was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least 10 years.발음듣기
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Although, that went a little bit like how you say you're only gonna eat one Chipotle burrito per week, and then there are a few exceptions and then all of a sudden you're there every day, and yes, I know guacamole is more, just give it to me.발음듣기
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So, the Romans also had a position of dictator, a person who would take over in the event that the Republic was in eminent danger.발음듣기
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The paradigm for this self-less Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command of an army, defeated whatever enemy Rome was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him.발음듣기
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If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans, by the way, it's because George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of the two-term president.발음듣기
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Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the Senate, which he did; he rose through the ranks, and after some top-notch generalling and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul.발음듣기
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In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome's richest men.발음듣기
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Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, "Hey, I noticed your house is on fire.발음듣기
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Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BCE, and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome's other most powerful man, the general, Pompey.발음듣기
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Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well, (digital sounds) for Caesar, not so well for the other two.발음듣기
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(angry crowds) After a year as consul, that included getting the Senate to pass laws, largely because of intimidation by Pompey's troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled, he quickly conquered the rest of Gaul, and his four loyal armies, or legions, as the Romans called them, became his source of power.발음듣기
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Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain, and waging another successful war against the Gauls.발음듣기
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While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians, and Pompey, who would become Caesar's rival and enemy, was elected consul.발음듣기
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Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome; if he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor, so instead, he returned with the 13th region.발음듣기
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He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, "The die is cast," or possibly, "Let the die be cast." Sorry, thought bubble, sources disagree.발음듣기
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Pompey was in charge of Rome's army, but like a boss, fled the city, and by 48 BCE, Caesar was in total command of all of Rome's holdings, having been named both dictator and consul.발음듣기
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Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey, only to learn that he'd already been assassinated by agents of the Pharahh Ptolemy.발음듣기
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Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the only person who gets to tease my little brother is me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing.발음듣기
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Cleopatra went on to become the last Pharaoh of ancient Egypt, and then bet on Marc "I am the wrong horse" Antony, instead of Emperor "There is a baby attached to my leg" Augustus.발음듣기
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But, before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the East on his way, and was declared dictator again.발음듣기
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That position was later extended for 10 years, and then for life, he was elected consul in 46BCE, and then again in 45 BCE.발음듣기
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By 45 BCE, Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome, and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power.발음듣기
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He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome's debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more like the one we use today.발음듣기
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But, by 44 BCE, many senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman Senate.발음듣기
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Caesar was duly surprised about this and everything, but he never said, "Et tu, Brute," when he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators.발음듣기
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The conspirators thought the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Roman Republic, and they were wrong.발음듣기
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For one thing, Caesar's reforms were really popular with the Roman people, who were quick to hail his adopted son, Octavian, as well as his second-in-command, Marc "I am the wrong horse" Antony, and a dude named Lepidus, as a second triumvirate.발음듣기
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Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius, "The son of God." More on that next week.발음듣기
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Although, Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman Empire were still intact, the truth was he made the laws, and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp.발음듣기
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(harmonica) Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of over-dubbing there (laughs).발음듣기
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Dear Roman Senate, whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus, or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something.발음듣기
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I don't want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults could vote and the best fashion choice was bed sheets, but, oh my God, at least you did something.발음듣기
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Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized power for himself, he subverted the ideas of the Republic, he changed the constitution, but he's only really to blame if he was the first one to do that.발음듣기
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And he wasn't. Take the general, Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally, and not to Rome, and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army.발음듣기
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This, of course, required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires.발음듣기
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Or, look at the Roman general Sulla, who like Marius, insured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator, executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene.발음듣기
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There's another way of looking at this question altogether, if we dispense with great-man history, maybe Rome became an Empire before it had an emperor.발음듣기
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Like, remember the Persian Empire? You'll recall that that empire had some characteristics that made it imperial, like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples.발음듣기
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The Roman Empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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Like, Rome started out as a city, and then it became a city-state, and then a kingdom, and then a republic; but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome.발음듣기
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By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors, like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon, they had all of Italy under their control, but that's not really diversity of subject peoples.발음듣기
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I mean, nothing personal, Italians, but you have a lot of things in common, like the constant gesticulations.발음듣기
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These were the wars that I remember primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Alps with freaking war elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen up and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars.발음듣기
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In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town, then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants.발음듣기
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Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn't, and as a result, the Romans got Spain.발음듣기
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People in Spain are definitely not Romans, despite Russell Crow's character in "Gladiator", which means that by 201 BCE, Rome was definitely an empire.발음듣기
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Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage, and then destroyed it so completely, that these days you can't even find it on a map.발음듣기
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Eventually, this whole area, and a lot more, would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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And it's ridiculous to say that Rome was a republic until Augustus became Rome's first official emperor, because by that time, Rome had been an empire for almost 200 years.발음듣기
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There's a reason I'm arguing that the death of the Republic came long before Caesar, and probably, around the time that Rome became an empire.발음듣기
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If anything destroyed the idea of Republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man, and this man was always a general, I mean, you can't march on Rome without an army after all.발음듣기
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Because Rome had decided to become and empire, and empires need to expand militarily, particularly the Roman Empire needed to expand militarily, because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires.발음듣기
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That expansion created the all-powerful general, and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him, rather than to some abstract idea of the republic.발음듣기
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