The Pantheon발음듣기
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The Pantheon
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Look at the numerous holes, for instance, in the pediment that tell of all the different purposes that this building has been put to.발음듣기
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And the colonnade and the other buildings that would have originally surrounded this building would have obscured the barrel on the side, and so that we would have only seen this very traditional temple front.발음듣기
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And then, and in these massive fragments of what were the originally marble Corinthian capitals.발음듣기
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Unlike Greek columns, they were not segments and they were not cut and they were imported from Egypt which was symbolic of Rome’s power over most of the Mediterranean under the Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the construction of this building.발음듣기
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The width of the building and the height of the building completely fills my field of vision and it is in a sense an expression of the limits of my sight.발음듣기
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Unlike a basilica, this is a radial building - that is to say that it has a central point and radiates outward from that central point.발음듣기
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But what's fascinating about this building is it's not a traditional radial structure in that the point would be on the floor.발음듣기
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The central point - its focus - is midway between the floor and the ceiling, and midway between its walls.발음듣기
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And as soon as you walk in, you notice that there's a kind of obsession with circles, with rectangles, with squares, with those kinds of perfect geometrical shapes.발음듣기
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And one of the causes of that is if we move our eye up the columns, we can see that they're beautifully aligned with the frieze of false windows that are just above them.발음듣기
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What that does is create this feeling that the barrel that the dome rests on is independent from the dome, and almost makes it feel as though the dome could rotate.발음듣기
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That complex visual relationship between the dome and the decorative structures in the barrel remind us that this actual structural system here is dependent on concrete, and not these decorative columns that we see on the interior.발음듣기
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Because the dome pushes down and out, Roman architects had to think about how to support the weight and pressure of the dome.발음듣기
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Because concrete could be continuous, it could be built upward continuously with wooden forms which would then be removed, and could then open this space up in a way that post and lintel architecture never could.발음듣기
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So concrete could be laid onto a wooden support or poured into a mold, and could be shaped in a way that you can't do with post and lintel architecture.발음듣기
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We are given a tremendous amount of freedom, in terms of how we move and how we see through this space.발음듣기
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Because of the Roman use of concrete, the idea that architecture could be something that shaped space and that could have a different kind of relationship to the viewer [took root].발음듣기
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The Emperor Hadrian, under whose direction this building was constructed, apparently loved the building and loved to actually have visitors come to him here.발음듣기
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The Pantheon originally contained sculptures of the gods and of the deified emperors, we think.발음듣기
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And there would have been much more in antiquity when the coffers probably had gilded rosettes.발음듣기
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This is the Empire being able to reach across the globe to draw in these precious materials.발음듣기
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Perhaps the most exciting part of this space is the oculus, because it almost seems to defy reason.발음듣기
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Well, it’s the only light that comes into the space, with the exception of some light wells in some other recessed areas, and of course the grill just above the door, and the door itself.발음듣기
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The perfect circle of that oculus - the perfect circle of the dome - The oculus is critical in the issues that you had raised before.발음듣기
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It projects, often, a very sharp circle on the dome, and moves across the floor of the building, as the sun moves across the sky - and then eventually creeps up the other side of the dome.발음듣기
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And, in fact, is perhaps the most influential building in architecture in the Renaissance, and in the modern era.발음듣기
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I'm looking down at the floors and the geometry that you spoke of, the circles and the squares - and thinking about the pavement in front of the Guggenheim Museum on Fifth Avenue, in New York.발음듣기
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Actually, once you know the Pantheon, you begin to see copies of it and pieces of it everywhere.발음듣기
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