Commas and introductory elements | The Comma | Punctuation | Khan Academy

65문장 100% 한국어 번역 3명 참여 출처 : 칸아카데미
번역 0%

Commas and introductory elements | The Comma | Punctuation | Khan Academy발음듣기

[Voiceover] Hello grammarians! Paige and I are here to teach you about introductory elements in sentences and how commas relate to them.발음듣기

Paige, how should we define what an introductory element is?발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, it's pretty much something that happens at the beginning of a sentence.발음듣기

It can be a dependent clause or an adverb.발음듣기

But as we will see soon, it is something that is separated off with, of course, a comma.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Because that's what commas do. They are separators.발음듣기

So, let's talk about dependent clauses first.발음듣기

And let me just write out a sentence that begins with a dependent clause.발음듣기

"When you come in, please take off your shoes."발음듣기

And I've made the difference between the dependent clause and the independent clause pretty clear.발음듣기

So, this the dependent clause is purple, the independent clause is green.발음듣기

Is there a need for a comma here?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Of course.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Okay. (Paige laughs)발음듣기

Because we're leading with a dependent clause, and that means that this thing can't stand on it's own, right?발음듣기

It's like the ladder up against the tree.발음듣기

Because an independent clause, in green, can stand on its own; a dependent clause cannot.발음듣기

So, we need to differentiate it from the rest of the sentence by putting the comma there.발음듣기

So, this is a dependent clause.발음듣기

And this is an independent clause.발음듣기

So, if you start a sentence with a dependent clause, you're gonna need to put the comma in the middle before you proceed to the independent clause, which is the part that makes it an actual functioning sentence.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] If you have it the other way around though, if it's just, "Please take off your shoes when you come in," no need for a comma. I'll show you.발음듣기

So, I'm not sure why this is.발음듣기

I think it may just sort of be a style relic.발음듣기

I'm not entirely certain.발음듣기

I mean, if you go back in American history and you look at the Federalist Papers and you look at the way that people used commas in the 18th century, it doesn't make a whole lot of sense, relative to how we use commas today.발음듣기

So, a lot of this is cultural.발음듣기

But I can tell you that when an independent clause comes before a dependent clause, you don't use a comma.발음듣기

And if you are uniting two independent clauses, in the following sentence, "I rode an elephant and then I ate a mango," these two things are both independent clauses, right?발음듣기

I rode an elephant.발음듣기

Then I ate a mango, right?발음듣기

These two things need to be connected by this conjunction, and.발음듣기

But that's not all.발음듣기

They also need to be joined by a comma.발음듣기

Now, you could also sub out, if you wanted to, get rid of this comma and this and and put in a semicolon, but that's a story for another time.발음듣기

So, if you're uniting two independent clauses, just do comma and then a conjunction.발음듣기

So, that's one way to think about how to use commas for introductory elements like dependent and independent clauses.발음듣기

But there's also another thing I wanna introduce you to, and that's sentence adverbs.발음듣기

Follow us over to the next screen.발음듣기

So, Paige, what is a sentence adverb?발음듣기

How does it work?발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, we've been talking about starting sentences with clauses, but that doesn't always have to be the case.발음듣기

You can start a sentence with an adverb.발음듣기

Like, let's say, "Initially, I was afraid."발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, what is initially doing in this sentence here, in this expression?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Basically, it's modifying the whole rest of the sentence.발음듣기

It's modifying the "I was afraid."발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, we're gonna put a comma here to separate it from the rest of that expression.발음듣기

That's why we call it a sentence adverb, 'cause it's not, this is not the same as saying, "I was initially afraid."발음듣기

This is kind of, like you said, modifying the entire expression.발음듣기

Let's look at another example.발음듣기

[Voiceover] "Basically, you're the greatest."발음듣기

[Voiceover] Aww, thanks, Paige!발음듣기

So, we've got this word, basically, and basically is modifying the entire expression.발음듣기

It's kind of qualifying the whole thing.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, we're gonna put a comma between this sentence adverb and the sentence itself.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Exactly.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Cool, so, initially, Paige, this seemed pretty complicated to me.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, but, basically, I think we got it down.발음듣기

[Voiceover] All right, we think that, essentially, you can learn anything.발음듣기

[Voiceover] David out.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Paige out.발음듣기

칸아카데미 더보기더 보기

전체보기
Top