Commas and introductory elements | The Comma | Punctuation | Khan Academy

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Commas and introductory elements | The Comma | Punctuation | Khan Academy발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hello grammarians! Paige and I are here to teach you about introductory elements in sentences and how commas relate to them.발음듣기

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Paige, how should we define what an introductory element is?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, it's pretty much something that happens at the beginning of a sentence.발음듣기

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It can be a dependent clause or an adverb.발음듣기

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But as we will see soon, it is something that is separated off with, of course, a comma.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Because that's what commas do. They are separators.발음듣기

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So, let's talk about dependent clauses first.발음듣기

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And let me just write out a sentence that begins with a dependent clause.발음듣기

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"When you come in, please take off your shoes."발음듣기

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And I've made the difference between the dependent clause and the independent clause pretty clear.발음듣기

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So, this the dependent clause is purple, the independent clause is green.발음듣기

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Is there a need for a comma here?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Of course.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay. (Paige laughs)발음듣기

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Because we're leading with a dependent clause, and that means that this thing can't stand on it's own, right?발음듣기

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It's like the ladder up against the tree.발음듣기

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Because an independent clause, in green, can stand on its own; a dependent clause cannot.발음듣기

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So, we need to differentiate it from the rest of the sentence by putting the comma there.발음듣기

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So, this is a dependent clause.발음듣기

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And this is an independent clause.발음듣기

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So, if you start a sentence with a dependent clause, you're gonna need to put the comma in the middle before you proceed to the independent clause, which is the part that makes it an actual functioning sentence.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] If you have it the other way around though, if it's just, "Please take off your shoes when you come in," no need for a comma. I'll show you.발음듣기

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So, I'm not sure why this is.발음듣기

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I think it may just sort of be a style relic.발음듣기

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I'm not entirely certain.발음듣기

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I mean, if you go back in American history and you look at the Federalist Papers and you look at the way that people used commas in the 18th century, it doesn't make a whole lot of sense, relative to how we use commas today.발음듣기

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So, a lot of this is cultural.발음듣기

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But I can tell you that when an independent clause comes before a dependent clause, you don't use a comma.발음듣기

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And if you are uniting two independent clauses, in the following sentence, "I rode an elephant and then I ate a mango," these two things are both independent clauses, right?발음듣기

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I rode an elephant.발음듣기

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Then I ate a mango, right?발음듣기

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These two things need to be connected by this conjunction, and.발음듣기

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But that's not all.발음듣기

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They also need to be joined by a comma.발음듣기

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Now, you could also sub out, if you wanted to, get rid of this comma and this and and put in a semicolon, but that's a story for another time.발음듣기

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So, if you're uniting two independent clauses, just do comma and then a conjunction.발음듣기

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So, that's one way to think about how to use commas for introductory elements like dependent and independent clauses.발음듣기

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But there's also another thing I wanna introduce you to, and that's sentence adverbs.발음듣기

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Follow us over to the next screen.발음듣기

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So, Paige, what is a sentence adverb?발음듣기

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How does it work?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, we've been talking about starting sentences with clauses, but that doesn't always have to be the case.발음듣기

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You can start a sentence with an adverb.발음듣기

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Like, let's say, "Initially, I was afraid."발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, what is initially doing in this sentence here, in this expression?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Basically, it's modifying the whole rest of the sentence.발음듣기

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It's modifying the "I was afraid."발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, we're gonna put a comma here to separate it from the rest of that expression.발음듣기

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That's why we call it a sentence adverb, 'cause it's not, this is not the same as saying, "I was initially afraid."발음듣기

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This is kind of, like you said, modifying the entire expression.발음듣기

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Let's look at another example.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] "Basically, you're the greatest."발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Aww, thanks, Paige!발음듣기

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So, we've got this word, basically, and basically is modifying the entire expression.발음듣기

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It's kind of qualifying the whole thing.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, we're gonna put a comma between this sentence adverb and the sentence itself.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Exactly.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Cool, so, initially, Paige, this seemed pretty complicated to me.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right, but, basically, I think we got it down.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] All right, we think that, essentially, you can learn anything.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] David out.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Paige out.발음듣기

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