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Subordinating conjunctions

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Subordinating conjunctions발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hey, grammarians.발음듣기

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Today let's start talking about subordinating conjunctions.발음듣기

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Words like, although and after and because.발음듣기

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It's a pretty complicated topic, because in order to understand subordinating conjunctions, you have to understand the difference between an independent, and a dependent clause.발음듣기

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Because that's what subordinating conjunctions do, is they unite independent and dependent clauses.발음듣기

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That's what subordinating conjunctions do.발음듣기

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But, what are these?발음듣기

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You know, what is an independent and a dependent clause?발음듣기

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Well okay so first of all, let's back up again.발음듣기

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What is a clause?발음듣기

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A clause is just a language chunk that has a subject and a verb.발음듣기

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That's what a clause does.발음듣기

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All sentences are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences.발음듣기

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I'll write that down.발음듣기

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So, all sentences are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences.발음듣기

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It's possible to have something that has both a subject and a verb, that doesn't stand on its own, and that's a dependent clause.발음듣기

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We'd call that a sentence fragment.발음듣기

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What a dependent clause does, is provide extra information that isn't necessary to the understanding of the sentence, right.발음듣기

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But an independent clause has to be able to stand on its own.발음듣기

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So, let's take a look at the sentence here.발음듣기

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Herbert performed his irresponsible experiments because he was curious.발음듣기

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And this sentence is composed of two clauses.발음듣기

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In red, we've got this independent clause, Herbert performed his irresponsible experiments.발음듣기

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And in green, we have this dependent clause, because he was curious.발음듣기

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Now, we know that because he was curious, is the dependent clause.발음듣기

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Because, it explains more of why Herbert did what he did.발음듣기

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Right, it is explaining the reason for his performing irresponsible experiments.발음듣기

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But, because he was curious on its own, doesn't work as a sentence, he was curious does.발음듣기

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That's a sentence.발음듣기

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But, because he was curious asks more questions than it answers.발음듣기

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Because he was curious, what?발음듣기

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You know, if a clause causes you to ask.발음듣기

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Yeah, so what?발음듣기

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Then it's probably a dependent clause, write that down.발음듣기

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Put that in the doctrine.발음듣기

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So, a dependent clause should cause you to ask, yeah so what?발음듣기

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Because a dependent clause leans against an independent clause.발음듣기

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It's like a ladder laid up against the tree.발음듣기

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The tree is still gonna be standing there whether or not the ladder is there or not.발음듣기

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But, the ladder is useful because it allows you to get up further into the tree and explore its leaves, if that makes sense.발음듣기

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It allows you to get further context and further understanding.발음듣기

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But the tree could just as easily, it's still a tree without the ladder.발음듣기

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Right, you don't have to have a ladder in order to be a tree.발음듣기

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All right so, another thing about the difference between a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction, is that coordinating conjunctions only unite independent clauses with each other.발음듣기

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Which means, any sentence that has a coordinating conjunction like, but or anything else in fanboys,.발음듣기

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Which is for and nor, but, or yet so, right.발음듣기

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Can be separated into two sentences, two separate sentences.발음듣기

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Look at this, so Jimothy liked to wash the dishes, but Beckany preferred to sweep the floor.발음듣기

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Now these can each be their own sentences.발음듣기

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Jimothy liked to wash the dishes.발음듣기

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Beckany preferred to sweep the floor.발음듣기

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We can combine these if we want to and, we have.발음듣기

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Whereas, this subordinating conjunction sentence that begins with although, cannot be separated into two sentences.발음듣기

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Although she loved Sir Reginald, Lady Penelope hated his pranks.발음듣기

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So, Lady Penelope hated his pranks, that's a sentence.발음듣기

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Although she loved Sir Reginald, that's not a sentence.발음듣기

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This is a dependent clause so, this can be split. (mouth sound effects)발음듣기

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This cannot be split, because although she loved Sir Reginald, doesn't stand on its own, it just grants additional context and detail to the fact that Lady Penelope hated Sir Reginald's pranks.발음듣기

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So, with that in mind, here are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions in English.발음듣기

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And some of these you might recognize as being adverbs or prepositions in other contexts, but you could also use them to unite dependent and independent clauses.발음듣기

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So, here we go.발음듣기

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After, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, if only, like, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whereas, wherever, whether, which, and, while.발음듣기