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The age of empire발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So I have a map here of United States possessions in the Pacific and in the Caribbean today, and they're kind of all over the place.발음듣기

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And some of them are pretty tiny.발음듣기

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There's Guam, which is just barely a little speck on the map, and American Samoa and more well known would be the Hawaiian Islands, right?발음듣기

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One of the fifty states of the United States.발음듣기

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Have you ever wondered why the United States has islands in the middle of the Pacific?발음듣기

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This is thousands of miles from the mainland of the United States.발음듣기

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So what's the deal?발음듣기

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Did the United States just want access to somewhere to get a tan and maybe buy some pineapple?발음듣기

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In this video I want to talk about the very unique, historical circumstances under which the United States acquired a bunch of territory outside of the borders of the lower 48 states.발음듣기

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Or how, in other words, the United States became an empire.발음듣기

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And empire, or imperialism, is the practice of having political or economic control over a territory that is outside the boundaries of your nation.발음듣기

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So when did this happen and why did this happen?발음듣기

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Let me give you a little background on the run up to the United States becoming an empire.발음듣기

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So the Civil War ends in 1865, and while that is a conflict just within the United States, right, the definition of civil war, the Civil War has kind of an interesting effect on the United States' economy because for the the course of the Civil War the North really ramped up their industrial production to win the war.발음듣기

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So they build railroad tracks and they have factories that help them build the armaments that are gonna help them with victory in the war.발음듣기

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Well, after the war, all these factories, all these railroads still exist, and they're turned to different purposes.발음듣기

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So over the course of the late 19th century from the end of the Civil War, really up until even 1900 and beyond, the United States becomes the leading industrial power in the world.발음듣기

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So they make more stuff than anybody else, and this is one of the reasons why so many immigrants are flocking to the United States in this time period, because there are jobs in factories.발음듣기

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But even though the U.S. was acknowledged as this great industrial power, it was not really acknowledged as a world military power.발음듣기

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The number one power in the world at this time is England.발음듣기

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This is the end of the Victorian Era.발음듣기

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None of the nations of Europe think of the United States as an important power in the world.발음듣기

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If you were a diplomat from France and you got a diplomatic posting to Washington D.C., that would be like getting a diplomatic posting on the moon.발음듣기

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There is nothing going on there.발음듣기

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Nobody's interested. You'd much rather be in Vienna or London.발음듣기

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But another reason why the nations of Europe are such important world powers is because of their own investment in imperialism.발음듣기

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So let me show you a map of the world in 1914, which is kind of after this age of imperialism, but it gives you an idea of how much territory Europe had gobbled up in this time period.발음듣기

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So this is the rest of the world in this time period, and we're talking about kind of the period from about 1880 to 1900, and in this time period the powers of Europe really competed with each other to take over territories in the rest of the world.발음듣기

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And these would have been developing nations, nations that did not have the firepower to compete with Europe, and they were generally nations with a lot of natural resources.발음듣기

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So in the mid-19th century, there'd been explorers going throughout Africa.발음듣기

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This is the period of Dr. Livingstone, I presume, and Dr. Livingstone reports back to England that there is a lot of stuff in Africa.발음듣기

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We're talkin' about diamonds and gold and rubber, and elsewhere in the world, in India there's tea.발음듣기

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And so in the 1880s, 1890s, Europe scrambles for territorial control of Africa and you see England here in South Africa, and France up here in northwest Africa, and then of course you've got England in India and Australia and they're even fighting for influence in China.발음듣기

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And they had two main reasons for wanting these colonies abroad.발음듣기

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One is, as we said, their natural resources, so they can take all the raw materials, the unfinished goods, to run the empire and then they can take that back up to Europe and process it.발음듣기

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So it's a cheap source of stuff for their industrial production.발음듣기

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The other thing they want is markets, so all of these territories, all of these colonies, have people in them who can buy the products from the European nations, and as their factories produce more and more stuff, they needed more and more people to buy those things or they're going to stagnate economically.발음듣기

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So this is where the United States comes in.발음듣기

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So in the late 19th century the U.S. has become this leading industrial power.발음듣기

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They feel like they're not getting any respect from Europe for being pretty big dogs, but they also start looking at this scramble for Africa, this scramble for colonies in the world, and they think maybe the United States should get in on this game, and they have a couple of reasons for doing this.발음듣기

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One of the reasons for doing this is the idea of expanding the frontier.발음듣기

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So in the late 19th century, there was a pretty famous historian by the name of Frederick Jackson Turner.발음듣기

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And what Turner has to say really troubles a lot of people.발음듣기

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He says manifest destiny is done.발음듣기

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So manifest destiny you'll recall, is this idea that God wanted the United States to occupy the North American continent from Atlantic to Pacific.발음듣기

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As of 1890, the census showed that there was pretty much even population distribution all the way to the Pacific Ocean, so this process of conquering the frontier that many white Americans thought was really crucial to the American spirit, was over.발음듣기

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So what is the United States going to do?발음듣기

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Culturally they pride themselves on being a pioneering people.발음듣기

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But along with that goes the same sort of quest for new markets that Europe is going through in the same time period.발음듣기

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So if the United States is the world's leading industrial power, and they did that by conquering the frontier, building railroads, finding new people to sell the products of their factory to, what's going to happen if they have nowhere else to expand?발음듣기

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Relentless expansion is kind of the backbone of American capitalism.발음듣기

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And so people started to worry that if expansion is done, then the American industrial project is going to falter with no new markets to conquer.발음듣기

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All right, so those are the economic and cultural explanations for why the United States became interested in being an imperial power at the end of the 19th century.발음듣기

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There are also some military explanations, so let me take you back to a map of the Pacific.발음듣기

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So in 1890, this man named Alfred Thayer Mahan published a book called The Influence of Sea Power Upon History.발음듣기

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And Mahan's thesis was that all the great nations of history since time immemorial had gotten their greatness through a domination of the seas.발음듣기

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So he says that if the United States really wants to be a world power going forward, they're going to have to make some serious investments in their navy.발음듣기

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He says first they're going to have to build a really powerful naval fleet, which has never really been the bread and butter of America's military.발음듣기

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Up until this point, the United States' navy was like five leaky boats.발음듣기

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So he says they have to build a powerful navy and that you should consider putting a canal somewhere across Central America so that if a ship is in the Atlantic it doesn't have to go all the way around South America to get to the Pacific.발음듣기

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It can just cut this corner here.발음듣기

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And the last thing that Mahan says is that the U.S. is going to need friendly ports all over the world so that this navy can dock places, refuel, take on new supplies, because if your ports are only on the edges of the United States, it could take you days and days and days to make it all the way over to Asia.발음듣기

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So Mahan says we need good harbors along the way.발음듣기

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And you know what's a really great harbor?발음듣기

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Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.발음듣기

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It's one of the best harbors in the world.발음듣기

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And basically in the future the U.S. government is going to to do exactly what Mahan says.발음듣기

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In between 1890 and 1914, the United States increases their investment in the navy by a power of seven.발음듣기

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It's $22 million dollars only in 1890.발음듣기

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By 1914 they're putting $140 million dollars a year into their navy.발음듣기

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And they will move forward with this plan to build a canal somewhere in Central America.발음듣기

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Hint, hint, it might be in Panama.발음듣기

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And they will annex ports all over the Pacific, and also in the Caribbean, to take care of their new powerful navy.발음듣기

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So in the late 19th century, the U.S. is really poised to enter into world politics as a major world power.발음듣기

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In the next video I'll talk about the Spanish American War of 1898 and how that led the United States to become an empire.발음듣기

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참여번역

The age of empire

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