Brunelleschi, Dome of the Cathedral of Florence.발음듣기
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Brunelleschi, Dome of the Cathedral of Florence.
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[Beth Harris] The plan was to build a dome that had a span nearly equal to that of the Pantheon.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] So first and foremost, what Brunelleschi did was an amazing engineering achievement.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] So this is the wood to actually support the dome until it can be locked in place by the keystone.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] The problem is that this was so big, they couldn't actually get enough lumber, and lumber that was strong enough, to hold the thing up until they could lock it in place.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] And so there was no way to do wooden scaffolding or centering to hold it up as it was being built.발음듣기
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And so one of the biggest challenges is how to raise the dome and deal with that downward and outward pressure, not cracking the walls underneath.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] Now, in the ancient world, for the Pantheon, for example, they had dealt with that by just creating sheer bulk.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] I think, actually in the Pantheon, they're something like 20 feet thick of concrete.발음듣기
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So what he's done instead is, first of all, he made the decision to make the dome as light as possible.발음듣기
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And within the shell is a staircase that snakes around that allows one to actually get to the top.발음듣기
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And if you look, you can see people just below the lantern, up at the top of the dome, taking in the view of the city.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] And then in between each of the major ribs, which are visible on the outside, there are two within that we can't see.발음듣기
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I think, most importantly, he was able to develop a system where, as the dome was being raised up, as each course of stone and brick was added, it was actually locking itself in place.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] Another way that Brunelleschi dealt with the downward and outward thrust was to create chains inside the dome made out of stone and wood, locked together with iron, like a girdle, to hold the dome in and to counter that downward and outward thrust.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] You might think of an old-fashioned wooden barrel that has a couple of iron rings around it to help keep the wood together.발음듣기
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Brunelleschi also built new kinds of pulleys and hoists to bring up his heavy, massive pieces of stone to the top of the dome.발음듣기
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So he created this ox hoist, just these remarkable machines that no one had ever seen before.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] He actually even designed a special barge to go down the Arno to be able to bring the materials to the city itself.발음듣기
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If you think about the sheer quantity of material that had to be imported, and had to be hoisted up, and had to be put in place, it is just this remarkable project.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] Bricks that had to be created, stone that had to be quarried and brought here, platforms for the workmen to work on, machines to hoist everything.발음듣기
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Now, we think that Brunelleschi may have gone to Rome and may have studied ancient architecture as well as sculpture there.발음듣기
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But there is no precedent in the ancient world, even, for what Brunelleschi accomplished here.발음듣기
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[Beth Harris] Now, it's important to say that the dome is not hemispherical, like the dome on the Pantheon.발음듣기
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If you look closely, you can see these Exedra, or blind tribunes, that Brunelleschi added around the outside of the dome.발음듣기
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[Steven Zucker] And it's a church that is not only Gothic, but really referring back to the Tuscan Romanesque tradition.발음듣기
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Especially in terms of the polychromy, the colored marbles, which Brunelleschi also carries up into the barrel just below the dome itself.발음듣기
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But ultimately, you've got Brunelleschi, who, through his engineering genius, is solving a problem the Western tradition had never been capable of solving before.발음듣기
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