Irony

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Irony

[David] Hello, grammarians.

Today I wanna talk about the concept of irony which is a very difficult concept to nail down because it means so many things.

But let's begin with the best definition I can muster which is that irony is the difference between expectation and result.

Now, this contains a lot within it.

So, that means that irony is not only the engine of surprise, but also jokes.

All jokes in English function on this engine of the difference between expectation and result.

You expect to hear one thing and then a joke plays with your expectations.

There's nothing less funny than explaining why things are funny.

But this is why things are funny.

So, today we're gonna talk about three different kinds of irony.

And I'm going to give you an example of each.

Now, the first kind is called situational irony.

In situational irony, everyone is aware of the discrepancy of the difference between expectation and result.

And a really classic example of this is the O. Henry short story The Gift of the Magi.

And it's about a couple who are very poor but who love each other very much.

And each one wants to get the other a really nice Christmas present.

The man has a very lovely watch and the woman has really lovely long hair.

And, unbeknownst to the other the woman buys her husband a watch chain and the man buys his wife a comb.

But, in order to do that he sells his watch to buy her the comb and, in order to buy him the watch chain the woman sells her hair.

And so, they give each other gifts that are now useless.

This watch chain and this comb.

For the hair that isn't there and the watch that isn't there.

And the irony is that they are now aware that the lengths that they went to for the other kind of ruined each other's gifts.

That's situational irony.

It's kind of a happy ending, cause it proves stuff is just stuff and they love each other very much.

That's situational irony.

Everyone is aware of the discrepancy.

Irony variant number two is called dramatic irony.

This means that there's an unevenly distributed awareness of the difference.

Specifically, that there's an audience.

So, this is the sort of thing that really only comes into play in fiction or in dramatic work.

So, we're talking about a play or a movie or whatever.

So, let's say we've got a play.

Here's our stage.

Here's our audience down here.

We have one character here, character A who really doesn't like bears and is talking about if he ever meets a bear he's probably gonna punch that bear right in the face.

And here is character B, who is a bear but is a bear in disguise wearing a hat and a tie.

Now, character B knows that character B is a bear.

The audience knows that character B is a bear.

Character A is unaware.

So, we have this unevenly distributed awareness of the difference between expectation and result.

Character A expects that character B is not a bear.

But character B and the audience knows that the opposite is true.

That's dramatic irony.

Now, the third kind of irony we're going to talk about today is called verbal irony.

So, the irony of words.

And this one's a little different because verbal irony is the difference between a stated meaning and an actual meaning.

And this means that it can come in a couple of flavors.

The most notable, and perhaps the most confusing is called sarcasm.

And sarcasm is when you say a thing but it actually ends up meaning something quite different usually the opposite.

So, let's say an anvil, very heavy metal object falls on my foot, breaks my foot.

I am in extraordinary pain.

If you asked me how I was doing and I wanted to use sarcasm I would say something like, "Oh, I'm just great."

And I'm signaling, with my tone and also context to indicate that the opposite is true.

To say, "I'm actually terrible.

My foot is broken."

That's sarcasm.

Now, related to sarcasm is the pun which is usually a joke that plays on multiple meanings.

So, again, let's take this case.

Let's say my foot was crushed by an anvil You ask me how I'm doing.

I would say, "I'm feeling a little flat today."

No, not a great joke, sure.

But what I'm trying to express is that I am both playing on the notion that I don't feel well I feel a little flat and that my foot has been squished by a heavy object literally rendering it flat.

That's what a pun is.

And, again, I recognize that, by explaining the joke I have made the joke unfunny.

I apologize.

So, to review, let's put all of these together into one giant ironic situation.

So, let's say you're watching a sitcom on television.

And this sitcom takes place in someone's apartment and that apartment has a thing called a Murphy bed.

Now, what a Murphy bed is a bed that folds up into the wall to save space in a small apartment.

It's got this little handle up here.

You grab it, you pull it down it becomes just a regular bed.

Otherwise, it's kept folded up into the wall.

So, let's say we're watching a sitcom that takes place in a small apartment that has a Murphy bed.

Let's say that our main character has just come home from the airport with her visiting cousin.

So, again, this is a sitcom.

This is all happening on your television.

So, this is all inside the frame.

Now, unbeknownst to our protagonist, let's call her Anna and her cousin, let's call her Bella a lion has crawled into the Murphy bed while the two of them were out.

I promise this has a point.

So, hidden behind this wall is a lion on top of this bed.

Now, ignorant of all of this Bella asks her cousin "Is the Murphy bed comfortable~?"

To which Anna replies "Yeah. It's perfect for lying' on."

I think you see where I'm going here.

So, dramatic irony.

We, the audience on the other side of the screen are aware that this entire that this entire time there's a lion hiding in the Murphy bed.

We know this.

Anna and Bella do not.

Bella asks if the bed is comfortable.

Anna assures her that it is.

We know, as the audience, it is not.

There is a dangerous savanna predator in the bed.

That's dramatic irony.

Situational irony, when they pull that Murphy bed down and expose the lion they will see the difference between these expectations and this result.

And that is situational irony.

You thought one thing was true and now something very different has happened.

That's the difference between expectation and result.

Beds don't usually have lions in them.

You expect them not to have lions in them.

You pull down the bed.

Boom, there's a lion in it.

Situational irony.

Finally, it's perfect for lying' on.

Now, Anna does not realize this but she is unwittingly punning on the fact that there is a lion on the Murphy bed.

So, this is verbal irony.

Because, in fact, there is a lion lying' on the bed.

So, there you have it.

Encapsulated in one ridiculous case here are all three basic examples of irony.

So, situational irony, dramatic irony, and verbal irony.

You can learn anything, David out.

번역 0%

Irony발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

[David] Hello, grammarians.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Today I wanna talk about the concept of irony which is a very difficult concept to nail down because it means so many things.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But let's begin with the best definition I can muster which is that irony is the difference between expectation and result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, this contains a lot within it.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, that means that irony is not only the engine of surprise, but also jokes.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

All jokes in English function on this engine of the difference between expectation and result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You expect to hear one thing and then a joke plays with your expectations.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

There's nothing less funny than explaining why things are funny.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But this is why things are funny.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, today we're gonna talk about three different kinds of irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And I'm going to give you an example of each.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, the first kind is called situational irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

In situational irony, everyone is aware of the discrepancy of the difference between expectation and result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And a really classic example of this is the O. Henry short story The Gift of the Magi.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And it's about a couple who are very poor but who love each other very much.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And each one wants to get the other a really nice Christmas present.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

The man has a very lovely watch and the woman has really lovely long hair.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And, unbeknownst to the other the woman buys her husband a watch chain and the man buys his wife a comb.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But, in order to do that he sells his watch to buy her the comb and, in order to buy him the watch chain the woman sells her hair.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And so, they give each other gifts that are now useless.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

This watch chain and this comb.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

For the hair that isn't there and the watch that isn't there.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And the irony is that they are now aware that the lengths that they went to for the other kind of ruined each other's gifts.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's situational irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

It's kind of a happy ending, cause it proves stuff is just stuff and they love each other very much.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's situational irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Everyone is aware of the discrepancy.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Irony variant number two is called dramatic irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

This means that there's an unevenly distributed awareness of the difference.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Specifically, that there's an audience.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, this is the sort of thing that really only comes into play in fiction or in dramatic work.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, we're talking about a play or a movie or whatever.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, let's say we've got a play.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Here's our stage.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Here's our audience down here.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

We have one character here, character A who really doesn't like bears and is talking about if he ever meets a bear he's probably gonna punch that bear right in the face.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And here is character B, who is a bear but is a bear in disguise wearing a hat and a tie.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, character B knows that character B is a bear.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

The audience knows that character B is a bear.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Character A is unaware.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, we have this unevenly distributed awareness of the difference between expectation and result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Character A expects that character B is not a bear.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But character B and the audience knows that the opposite is true.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's dramatic irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, the third kind of irony we're going to talk about today is called verbal irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, the irony of words.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And this one's a little different because verbal irony is the difference between a stated meaning and an actual meaning.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And this means that it can come in a couple of flavors.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

The most notable, and perhaps the most confusing is called sarcasm.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And sarcasm is when you say a thing but it actually ends up meaning something quite different usually the opposite.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, let's say an anvil, very heavy metal object falls on my foot, breaks my foot.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

I am in extraordinary pain.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

If you asked me how I was doing and I wanted to use sarcasm I would say something like, "Oh, I'm just great."발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And I'm signaling, with my tone and also context to indicate that the opposite is true.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

To say, "I'm actually terrible.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

My foot is broken."발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's sarcasm.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, related to sarcasm is the pun which is usually a joke that plays on multiple meanings.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, again, let's take this case.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Let's say my foot was crushed by an anvil You ask me how I'm doing.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

I would say, "I'm feeling a little flat today."발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

No, not a great joke, sure.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

But what I'm trying to express is that I am both playing on the notion that I don't feel well I feel a little flat and that my foot has been squished by a heavy object literally rendering it flat.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's what a pun is.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And, again, I recognize that, by explaining the joke I have made the joke unfunny.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

I apologize.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, to review, let's put all of these together into one giant ironic situation.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, let's say you're watching a sitcom on television.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And this sitcom takes place in someone's apartment and that apartment has a thing called a Murphy bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, what a Murphy bed is a bed that folds up into the wall to save space in a small apartment.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

It's got this little handle up here.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You grab it, you pull it down it becomes just a regular bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Otherwise, it's kept folded up into the wall.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, let's say we're watching a sitcom that takes place in a small apartment that has a Murphy bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Let's say that our main character has just come home from the airport with her visiting cousin.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, again, this is a sitcom.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

This is all happening on your television.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, this is all inside the frame.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, unbeknownst to our protagonist, let's call her Anna and her cousin, let's call her Bella a lion has crawled into the Murphy bed while the two of them were out.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

I promise this has a point.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, hidden behind this wall is a lion on top of this bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, ignorant of all of this Bella asks her cousin "Is the Murphy bed comfortable~?"발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

To which Anna replies "Yeah. It's perfect for lying' on."발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

I think you see where I'm going here.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, dramatic irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

We, the audience on the other side of the screen are aware that this entire that this entire time there's a lion hiding in the Murphy bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

We know this.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Anna and Bella do not.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Bella asks if the bed is comfortable.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Anna assures her that it is.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

We know, as the audience, it is not.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

There is a dangerous savanna predator in the bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's dramatic irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Situational irony, when they pull that Murphy bed down and expose the lion they will see the difference between these expectations and this result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

And that is situational irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You thought one thing was true and now something very different has happened.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

That's the difference between expectation and result.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Beds don't usually have lions in them.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You expect them not to have lions in them.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You pull down the bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Boom, there's a lion in it.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Situational irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Finally, it's perfect for lying' on.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Now, Anna does not realize this but she is unwittingly punning on the fact that there is a lion on the Murphy bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, this is verbal irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Because, in fact, there is a lion lying' on the bed.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, there you have it.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

Encapsulated in one ridiculous case here are all three basic examples of irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

So, situational irony, dramatic irony, and verbal irony.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

You can learn anything, David out.발음듣기

다른 번역문 등록

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