Origins of European exploration in the Americas

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Origins of European exploration in the Americas발음듣기

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[Lecturer] When we think about European exploration in the Americas, we tend to start at 1492 with Christopher Columbus showing up at the island of Hispaniola.발음듣기

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But in this video I want to take a step back a few decades.발음듣기

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And talk about the conditions that led to Christopher Columbus's voyage in the first place.발음듣기

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What was he doing there?발음듣기

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So let's zoom in a little bit and take a look at what the world would have looked like to someone in western Europe around the year 1450.발음듣기

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So to a European, this would have been about the extent of the known world.발음듣기

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Now they wouldn't have had anything like the level of this detail.발음듣기

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But they certainly knew that there were very good things to be had in India and China and the Middle East.발음듣기

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Excellent trade goods like silk and spices.발음듣기

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And they knew there was quite a lot of world outside of Europe and Africa.발음듣기

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But they didn't think that there was much out there.발음듣기

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And they expected there would be some small islands on the range of Iceland perhaps.발음듣기

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But they had no conception that there were two gigantic continents on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.발음듣기

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It's a frequent misconception that people in this time period thought that the world was flat.발음듣기

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Learned people of the era knew that the world was round.발음듣기

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In fact they had known so since the time of the Greeks.발음듣기

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What they did know was that the world was pretty large.발음듣기

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In fact they correctly estimated that the circumference of the globe is about 25,000 miles.발음듣기

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And so they knew that given the shipping technology that they had, it would be impossible to go west and arrive at the east, while still having enough food and water to supply your crew.발음듣기

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Now why would anyone have dreamt of going west to get east when they could have simply gone east to get east?발음듣기

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Well the answer is that the over land route was long.발음듣기

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And it was expensive because the Middle East and north Africa and even parts of Spain were controlled by Muslim empires like the Ottomans and the Moors.발음듣기

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And so any time trade came from the east China and India and the Middle East itself it went through a series of traders.발음듣기

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And a series of empires along the way picking up taxes and markups.발음듣기

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Which meant that by the time a good reached western Europe it was pricey indeed.발음듣기

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And since Muslim traders were in control of the Mediterranean here.발음듣기

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And at the east taking a ship through there caused pretty much the same problem so why not go around the coast of Africa?발음듣기

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Well that was certainly something that Europeans were keen to do.발음듣기

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The only problem is that the wind goes in the wrong direction.발음듣기

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And it's very treacherous sailing around the tip of Africa to come up into the Indian Ocean.발음듣기

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So what changed?발음듣기

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How did this over land trade route become an over sea trade route?발음듣기

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Well for that we have to look a little bit closer at the Iberian peninsula.발음듣기

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So this land mass here is the Iberian peninsula.발음듣기

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And at the time, the Iberian peninsula was controlled by a number of different groups.발음듣기

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The southern part was under Muslim control of the Moors, as they were called, or Moroccan Muslims.발음듣기

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And they called this area Al-Andalus and we're talking about this area here and the Spanish called it Granada.발음듣기

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The western part here was under the control of Portugal as it is today.발음듣기

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So we got Portugal.발음듣기

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The eastern part, this area here is the kingdom of Aragon.발음듣기

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And then a central part here was kingdom of Castile.발음듣기

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So as far as Europeans were concerned this was kind of the end of the world.발음듣기

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This was as far southwest as you could go on the European continent.발음듣기

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And heaven knows what was out here until in the early 1400s Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator began investing in navigation.발음듣기

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And one of the important discoveries made by the Portuguese was a new kind of ship and this ship was called the caravel.발음듣기

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So what's cool about the caravel is that caravels are ocean worthy.발음듣기

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But they're also very easy to maneuver and they can sail into the wind.발음듣기

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So, that means that the problems of sailing around Africa begin to get a little bit easier.발음듣기

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And so in this early era of the 1400s the Portuguese began expanding their exploration farther and farther down the coast of Africa.발음듣기

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And they come across these islands now that they don't have to hug the coast.발음듣기

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The Canary Islands, and farther west this is so small you can barely see it here, Madeira and the Azores.발음듣기

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And they quickly discover that these islands are ideal places to grow cash crops.발음듣기

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Specifically sugar.발음듣기

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They also discover that some of the people who live on these islands, in fact the Canary Islands had a native population called the Guanche.발음듣기

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They immediately attempted to enslave these native people.발음듣기

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And then quickly discovered that they would die of disease.발음듣기

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And we'll talk more about why native people seemed to be so susceptible to European diseases a little bit later.발음듣기

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So now they have great places to grow sugar.발음듣기

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But they don't have a workforce.발음듣기

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Well they're discovering another workforce along the coast of Africa as they begin to set up.발음듣기

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This is the Portuguese we're talking about here trading posts on the west coast of Africa where they're purchasing slaves from African traders or Arab traders who had a long history of trading slaves from the interior of Africa out to its coast.발음듣기

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So in the early 1400s Portugal is doing very well for itself.발음듣기

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Seems that they're leading this colonial game.발음듣기

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They've pretty much invented the plantation system.발음듣기

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And they're getting quite wealthy off of it.발음듣기

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So the eyes of Europe turn to Portugal.발음듣기

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And they think all right how can we replicate their success?발음듣기

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Meanwhile, back on the Iberian peninsula there's a political.발음듣기

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And religious shakeup so the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon are united when Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.발음듣기

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And I recognize that my Spanish pronunciation is terrible they get married in 1469.발음듣기

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And unite their two kingdoms into what becomes the kingdom of Spain.발음듣기

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So what had been Castile and Aragon becomes Spain.발음듣기

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And then united, these two Catholic monarchs turn their attentions to what's called the Reconquista.발음듣기

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So reconquering the territories that had been controlled by Muslims for Christians.발음듣기

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Some call this kind of an extension of Crusader thinking.발음듣기

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And Ferdinand and Isabella complete the Reconquista expelling the Moors from the territory that is today Spain in 1492.발음듣기

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So now we've reached 1492.발음듣기

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And we've got a will, that is a desire for luxury goods.발음듣기

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We also have a little bit of good old fashioned nationalism here.발음듣기

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Spain's closest neighbor is Portugal, who are currently very powerful and wealthy.발음듣기

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So they've got perhaps some rivalry in their hearts.발음듣기

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And we've got a way which is the caravel that is making more and more ocean sailing possible.발음듣기

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And into this exciting moment steps Christopher Columbus.발음듣기

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And we'll talk more about him in the next video.발음듣기

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