Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March발음듣기
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Caesar, Cleopatra and the Ides of March
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Instructor] Where we left off in the last video we saw Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul as proconsul.발음듣기
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He was this popular, populist, charismatic figure he had just had these significant military victories in Gaul, and they said, all right, Caesar why don't you just leave your position, leave your army and return to Rome~?발음듣기
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If I were just to return to Rome they already are threatened by me who knows what they're going to do to me?발음듣기
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And so the Roman senators, they say, okay, let's get Pompey the famous general, who used to be part of Caesar's triumvirate but had switched sides to engage with Caesar.발음듣기
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But Pompey says, you know what I'm not so sure if Caesar is beatable right now he wasn't aware that Caesar only had one legion maybe there was a trick up Julius Caesar's sleeves.발음듣기
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So Pompey takes his forces and retreats across the Adriatic to regroup, with the intent of coming back and retaking Rome.발음듣기
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And so you can imagine, a lot of the senators especially the powerful senators who were in opposition to Julius Caesar, go along with Pompey.발음듣기
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So Julius Caesar, even though he's now in control of Rome, he knows that this isn't the end of it that a civil war has begun, that it's only a matter of time before Pompey's forces and these senators return and retake Rome.발음듣기
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He puts his second in command, Marcus Antonius often known as Mark Antony, who was one of his generals in the Gaelic Wars, he puts him in charge of he puts him in charge in Italy.발음듣기
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And then Julius Caesar leads several of his legions off across the Adriatic, and it's a pretty interesting story in its own right.발음듣기
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They cross during the winter, which was a bit of a surprise attack, because no one would've expected them to cross the winter in the Adriatic and to break the blockade of Pompey, cause Pompey controlled the navy.발음듣기
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But he's able to engage Pompey several times and then, finally, in 48 BCE he is able to decisively beat Pompey at the Battle of Pharsalus, which is right over here in central Greece.발음듣기
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So his enemies, his opponents, Julius Caesar's enemies are now defeated, and Pompey is in retreat.발음듣기
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In 51 BCE, so right about there on that timeline and right about here on this timeline Ptolemy XII, who was the pharaoh of Egypt, dies.발음듣기
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It was called Ptolemaic Egypt, and even this guy was called Ptolemy, because, you might remember that Alexander the Great, when he conquered Persia in the 330s BCE, he also conquered Egypt.발음듣기
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And then, once Alexander the Great passed, once he died one of his generals, Ptolemy, Ptolemy I established a Ptolemaic Empire over Egypt established Ptolemaic Egypt.발음듣기
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And so this is Ptolemaic Egypt right over here which was significantly less powerful than the Roman Empire and the historical accounts say that they essentially bribed their way to maintain their independence up to this point.발음듣기
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But Ptolemy XII, when he dies in 51 BCE dies in 51 BCE in his will he wants two of his children to co-rule Ptolemaic Egypt, and they were young.발음듣기
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And his daughter, the other one that he wanted to co-rule Cleopatra, was 18 years old, and this is a picture of Cleopatra, and this is now the Cleopatra.발음듣기
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In popular culture, the movie Cleopatra when people talk about Cleopatra, this is the Cleopatra they're talking about.발음듣기
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But, you can imagine, this co-rule thing doesn't really work out that well, and civil war has broken out in Ptolemaic Egypt, with the supporters of Ptolemy XIII you can imagine.발음듣기
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This is only a 10-year-old, young kid it's really the adults that are probably running the show.발음듣기
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But the supporters of Ptolemy XIII are the ones that seem to have the upper hand at the time that Pompey is running away to Alexandria, which is the seat of power a city established by Alexander the Great and the seat of power in Ptolemaic Egypt.발음듣기
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Now, the supporters of Ptolemy XIII they say, okay, we don't wanna mess around with Julius Caesar, who seems to be quite powerful with his legions.발음듣기
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And so, in 49, or 48 BCE, this is after remember, Pharsalus, Pharsalus was in August of 48 BCE you have Pompey leaving, and in 48 BCE, he is killed.발음듣기
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So Pompey is now killed in 48 BCE by the supporters of Ptolemy XIII thinking that this is gonna curry favor with them with Julius Caesar.발음듣기
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He likes to establish his reputation as a magnanimous ruler someone who likes to forgive his enemies someone who wants to unify the people of Rome.발음듣기
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When he gets to Alexandria and realizes that he was killed by Ptolemy XIII supporters he decides to take the other side and join forces with Cleopatra.발음듣기
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And, not only is he able to support her in a political military sense, he helps her defeat her enemies and become, and come onto the throne, become the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt.발음듣기
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So let's see, this is 50, 49, 48 BCE which is roughly late 48 and early 47 BCE, when Julius Caesar was actually in Alexandria they actually have an affair.발음듣기
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And this is a Julius Caesar who is in his early 50s and this is a Cleopatra who is in her early 20s.발음듣기
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And, even though Julius Caesar does not take control of Ptolemaic Egypt, it makes Ptolemaic Egypt something of a client state, something of a client state of the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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He does several other things, engaging in the east here but, eventually, he gets back to Rome.발음듣기
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And dictator today has a term of someone who kind of takes power, maybe unlawfully, someone who just runs the show.발음듣기
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Under Roman law, under the Roman Republic there was actually a position called dictator that could be appointed for these six-month terms.발음듣기
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Especially when they was in times of emergency that they could do whatever they needed to do.발음듣기
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So now 46 BCE is let's see, this is 45, 46 BCE he gets elected dictator for a term of 10 years.발음듣기
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Now, this whole time, even though he tried to be someone somewhat conciliatory against his enemies his enemies were kind of brooding and saying what can we do to get back at this~?발음듣기
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BCE, and this is one of the most famous dates in history his opponents in the senate led by Marcus Junius Brutus literally attack Julius Caesar in Rome, and this is an artist's depiction of that attack and they kill him.발음듣기
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Ides of March, that is the date March 15th and it's referring, when people say it today they're referring to that event that happened on March 15th, 44 BCE where the dictator of Rome and he was really emperor.발음듣기
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Even though he wasn't declared emperor yet, he had absolute power over Rome Julius Caesar was killed by his enemies and that those enemies were led by Marcus Junius Brutus.발음듣기
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And, as you can imagine, this then puts Rome into another phase, I guess you could say, of the civil war.발음듣기
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But the Julian calendar got a lot closer to our current Gregorian calendar that we use today so the days didn't shift as much as Earth orbited around the Sun.발음듣기
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So I'll leave you there and in the next few videos we'll talk about what happened after Julius Caesar the civil war, I really could say the civil wars that broke out.발음듣기
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