Serfs and manorialism

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Serfs and manorialism발음듣기

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[Instructor] In a previous video we already talked about the feudal system how you can have a king.발음듣기

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And then you might have some vassals of the king who give an oath of fealty to the king in the homage or homage ceremony might be a duke.발음듣기

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And you could keep going down this.발음듣기

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Maybe you have a count maybe you have a baron and could keep going down this chain of nobility where one noble is pledging fealty to the king as a king's vassal but then they are a lord of another vassal.발음듣기

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And you keep going all the way down until you get to a plot of land where the actual work might occur.발음듣기

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And that term is often referred to as a manor.발음듣기

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A manor just doesn't happen at the bottom of this pyramid.발음듣기

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A duke can have a manor and they can split up the rest of their duchy and give sections of it to form counties that could be led by counts.발음듣기

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But what we're going to focus in this video is the manor itself because that's where life in a medieval community actually takes place.발음듣기

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And the work on a manor is done essentially by the lowest rung of the ladder and that is both free peasants and also by serfs.발음듣기

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To get a sense of what a medieval manor could have looked like here's a picture and this would've been a particularly fancy manner right over here.발음듣기

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This is a ducal manor so this would have been the manor of a duke so it could be something like that right over there.발음듣기

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And in this picture, you see the manor house which in this case is the duke's castle in many medieval communities were the highest ranking of the nobility right beneath the king.발음듣기

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And so we see these people actually working the field.발음듣기

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We don't know from looking up at them some of them might be free peasants maybe this gentleman right over here is a free peasant.발음듣기

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And this person right over here is a serf.발음듣기

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The word of serf comes from the Latin for service the same word that eventually gives us words like servant and they're someplace in between a free peasant and a slave.발음듣기

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They are bonded to the lord of the manor.발음듣기

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In this case it would be a duke but you can go down this hierarchy you could have a manor where the lord is a baron or the lord is a knight or the lord is just someone who is very wealthy and somehow got access to a fiefdom.발음듣기

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So the serfs are bonded to the land.발음듣기

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They can't leave without their permission.발음듣기

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They are allowed to cultivate certain tracts of land themselves but they also have to work for their lord.발음듣기

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So they might help plant crops and harvest crops in the lord's land as well and they also give a percentage of everything that they grow or everything that they do to the actual lord.발음듣기

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And if the lord needs to go into war they might have to be soldiers in that war.발음듣기

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You might be wondering, well that sounds pretty bad it sounds similar to being a slave.발음듣기

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One of the key differences is that a serf actually can accumulate things on their own.발음듣기

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They can actually own property.발음듣기

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Now another term or sometimes a subcategorization of serf in the Middle Ages is the term villain.발음듣기

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I know what you're thinking you have heard that term before.발음듣기

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The villain today means a bad guy.발음듣기

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But the term originally comes from the Roman Empire when Diocletian, the famous emperor who persecuted Christians.발음듣기

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He also because they were having trouble getting labor in rural villas he began to decree that certain people had to work in the villas.발음듣기

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And so someone who was compelled to work at a villa was called a villain and so they were bonded to the land.발음듣기

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They were a type of serf.발음듣기

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Now the fact that villain in English it means someone who is bad it gives you an idea how in a lot of languages in a lot of cultures the notion of being captive or bonded and poor gets associated with being bad which seems very contrary to our modern view of the world.발음듣기

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Get a top-level view of what a manor might look like.발음듣기

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We don't know what type of manor this is in particular but the manor house here seems a little bit more humble than this ducal manor right over here.발음듣기

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This could be a maybe a baron's manor house.발음듣기

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Now the manner often had a village.발음듣기

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This is where the serfs or the free peasants might live, keep their homes.발음듣기

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And then you see the land that is cultivated collectively by this community not just the actors that we've just talked about you might also have a church or monastery on that manor right over here.발음듣기

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And these strips of land they might have different crops.발음듣기

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And the output of those crops go to different people.발음듣기

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The one common factor is the lord of the manor might get all of the crops from some of these strips while on the other strips they get the taxation.발음듣기

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So they'll get a certain percentage from the crops there.발음듣기

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But all of the work is done by the serfs and the free peasants and possibly if there some if this is a monastery and there's some monks at the monastery.발음듣기

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Now one interesting thing is why you often see in these manor maps these long strips of land and our resident agricultural expert at Khan Academy, David Rheinstrom says it's because the medieval plows once you got going you didn't want to turn them around you got some momentum.발음듣기

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And so people liked the plant crops in these long strips so the plows could just keep going in one direction and only at the end they just have to turn it around.발음듣기

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So you're minimizing the number of times that you actually have to turn around to plow.발음듣기

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